Elevated IOP and Metabolic Syndrome in Postmenopausal Women
Elevated IOP and Metabolic Syndrome in Postmenopausal Women
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the association between intraocular pressure and metabolic syndrome according to menopause status in nonglaucomatous Korean women.
Methods: We examined the relationship between intraocular pressure and metabolic syndrome in 4,524 nonglaucomatous Korean women (2,866 premenopausal women and 1,658 postmenopausal women) who participated in the 2008 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between metabolic syndrome and intraocular pressure after adjusting for age, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol consumption, regular exercise, hypertension medication, and diabetes medication according to menopause status in women.
Results: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 5.4% for premenopausal women and 28.0% for postmenopausal women. The mean intraocular pressure gradually increased in accordance with the increasing number of components for metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women (P = 0.002), but not in premenopausal women (P = 0.387). In multivariate regression analysis, intraocular pressure was significantly associated with metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women (P = 0.015) after adjusting for confounding variables, but not in premenopausal women (P = 0.940).
Conclusion: Intraocular pressure was associated with metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women, but not in premenopausal women. These findings suggest that intraocular pressure changes may be linked to metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women.
Elevated intraocular pressure is known to be a modifiable major risk factor for glaucoma—one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness around the world. Besides being a useful predictor of glaucoma, high intraocular pressure, even within the reference range, has been associated with cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome.
Metabolic syndrome is characterized by a clustering of several cardiometabolic disorders, including obesity, elevated blood pressure, impaired glucose metabolism, and dyslipidemia. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is increasing worldwide, and metabolic syndrome is becoming a global epidemic. Individuals with metabolic syndrome are more susceptible to cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and some cancers, which are leading causes of death particularly in developed countries. Thus, early identification of high-risk metabolic syndrome groups is important from a public health perspective. Recent epidemiological studies have shown that there is a positive association between intraocular pressure and cardiometabolic disturbances such as obesity, hypertension, and diabetes.
Menopause has been known to be associated with an increased risk of glaucoma and metabolic syndrome. Besides marked changes in hormonal levels, menopause is characterized by many other changes that could be linked to metabolic syndrome and could influence intraocular pressure. Although several observational studies have reported on the relationship between intraocular pressure and metabolic syndrome, to our knowledge, little is known about whether intraocular pressure is related to the risk of metabolic syndrome, independent of menopause status, in the general population. Therefore, we examined the association between intraocular pressure and metabolic syndrome after stratification according to menopause status in a representative sample of nonglaucomatous Korean women.
Abstract and Introduction
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the association between intraocular pressure and metabolic syndrome according to menopause status in nonglaucomatous Korean women.
Methods: We examined the relationship between intraocular pressure and metabolic syndrome in 4,524 nonglaucomatous Korean women (2,866 premenopausal women and 1,658 postmenopausal women) who participated in the 2008 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between metabolic syndrome and intraocular pressure after adjusting for age, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol consumption, regular exercise, hypertension medication, and diabetes medication according to menopause status in women.
Results: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 5.4% for premenopausal women and 28.0% for postmenopausal women. The mean intraocular pressure gradually increased in accordance with the increasing number of components for metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women (P = 0.002), but not in premenopausal women (P = 0.387). In multivariate regression analysis, intraocular pressure was significantly associated with metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women (P = 0.015) after adjusting for confounding variables, but not in premenopausal women (P = 0.940).
Conclusion: Intraocular pressure was associated with metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women, but not in premenopausal women. These findings suggest that intraocular pressure changes may be linked to metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women.
Introduction
Elevated intraocular pressure is known to be a modifiable major risk factor for glaucoma—one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness around the world. Besides being a useful predictor of glaucoma, high intraocular pressure, even within the reference range, has been associated with cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome.
Metabolic syndrome is characterized by a clustering of several cardiometabolic disorders, including obesity, elevated blood pressure, impaired glucose metabolism, and dyslipidemia. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is increasing worldwide, and metabolic syndrome is becoming a global epidemic. Individuals with metabolic syndrome are more susceptible to cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and some cancers, which are leading causes of death particularly in developed countries. Thus, early identification of high-risk metabolic syndrome groups is important from a public health perspective. Recent epidemiological studies have shown that there is a positive association between intraocular pressure and cardiometabolic disturbances such as obesity, hypertension, and diabetes.
Menopause has been known to be associated with an increased risk of glaucoma and metabolic syndrome. Besides marked changes in hormonal levels, menopause is characterized by many other changes that could be linked to metabolic syndrome and could influence intraocular pressure. Although several observational studies have reported on the relationship between intraocular pressure and metabolic syndrome, to our knowledge, little is known about whether intraocular pressure is related to the risk of metabolic syndrome, independent of menopause status, in the general population. Therefore, we examined the association between intraocular pressure and metabolic syndrome after stratification according to menopause status in a representative sample of nonglaucomatous Korean women.